The Shroud of Turin is one of the most well-studied artifacts in history.

Believed to be the burial cloth of Jesus following the crucifixion, scientists have long debated its authenticity. 

While radiocarbon dating in the 1980s suggested a medieval origin, some scholars have argued that the blood on the linen tells a different story. 

Dr Jeremiah Johnston, a biblical scholar, told the Tucker Carlson Network that testing from the 1990s identified blood type AB on the Shroud. 

Dr. Johnston noted, “The Shroud features type AB blood, identified as Semitic, found in only six percent of the population. It has been confirmed to be human and male, dismissing any possibility of it being animal blood or a fabricated hoax.”

He also noted that testing showed it was human, male blood that was both premortem and postmortem.

Dr. Johnston further explained, “To replicate the Shroud, one would have to commit an actual killing as it contains both premortem and post-mortem blood all over it.”

The presence of both pre- and post-mortem blood on the Shroud is distinctive, indicating processes that don’t align with natural decay, which some interpret as consistent with resurrection narratives.

A blood analysis of the Shroud found a rare AB blood type that is present in only six percent of the population

Dr Jeremiah Johnston, a biblical scholar, said the blood found on the Shroud shows it was laid over a tortured man

The AB blood type was first documented in 1982 by Italian biographer Dr Pierluigi Baima Bollone and colleagues, who analyzed a sample from the Shroud’s pierced side. 

Subsequent testing also detected M, N, and S antigens in blood from the foot area, confirming the blood was unquestionably human. 

The researchers tested the samples in two ways to figure out the blood type. 

First, they checked for antibodies by putting the fibers on slides, keeping them cold at about 39°F for a long time, adding A1 or B red blood cells and letting them sit for 30 minutes. 

They looked at the slides under a regular microscope and later used a powerful electron microscope after preserving the fibers in alcohol and coating them with gold. 

Then the team tested for antigens, particles that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies, using a mixed agglutination method. 

They kept the slides cold for 24 hours with anti-A and anti-B serums, washed them several times with saltwater and a cow protein solution, added A1 or B red blood cells, and checked them under a regular microscope, followed by electron microscope checks.

The results showed the Shroud’s bloodstained fibers had both A and B antigens but no antibodies, pointing to type AB blood. The clean Shroud fibers had no antigens, proving they were free of blood. 

The AB blood type was first identified in 1982 by Dr. Pierluigi Baima Bollone and colleagues from a sample on the Shroud’s pierced side. Later tests also found M, N, and S antigens on the feet, confirming the blood was unmistakably human

Dr Johnston also told Carlson that the Sudarium of Oviedo in Spain, which is the facecloth that John’s Gospel talks about that covered his face, was also found to have type AB blood.

There is no image on this cloth. Only stains are visible to the naked eye, although more is visible under the microscope. 

However, Dr Kelly Kearse, an immunologist who has extensively studied the Shroud of Turin, has expressed skepticism about the claim that the blood on the Shroud is type AB.

Dr Kearse argued that the methods lacked proper controls and could produce false positives due to contamination, such as bacteria, or degradation of the blood over centuries. 

‘Regarding tests to determine blood type, it could be AB, but I really don’t think there’s any solid scientific evidence to back that up,’ he wrote in a 2020 study.

Dr Johnston estimated there are roughly 700 wounds visible on the Shroud. 

The shroud first appeared in 1354 in France. After initially denouncing it as a fake, the Catholic church has now embraced the shroud as genuine. Pictured, the burial cloth was on display in 1998 in the Cathedral of Turin for the first time in 20 years 

‘This was a very badly wounded man, pints of type AB blood, all over it,’ he said, noting that the injuries align with what is known about Roman crucifixions. 

Dr Johnston also highlighted the image itself, a faint, full-body imprint of a bearded man. 

‘The image on the Shroud is only two microns thick and does not penetrate through the cloth,’ he explained. 

‘If this were a hoax, painted or dyed, the material would have soaked through completely. 

‘Instead, the image is so thin we could shave it off with a razor. Even the world’s best scientists are baffled.’

He suggested the imprint could have formed through a sudden chemical reaction triggered by an immense burst of energy, possibly corresponding to the moment of the Resurrection.

Paolo Di Lazzaro, a physicist and laser specialist at ENEA Laboratories near Rome, spent five years studying the Shroud. 

His team managed to recreate the chemical change in the linen fibers using a massive burst of 34 trillion watts of energy. 

This ‘cold’ energy, lasting just a quarter of a billionth of a second, altered the linen’s structure to form the image on the Shroud, Dr Johnston explained.

Measuring 14 feet long, the linen was first publicly displayed in the 1350s and presented as the actual burial cloth of Christ. 

While 1988 radiocarbon dating placed its origin between 1260 and 1390 AD, Dr Johnston contends that only a contaminated corner patch, not the original linen, was tested.

‘The actual linen has never been radiocarbon dated, just the upper-left corner patch, which was contaminated,’ he said.

Dr Johnston described the Shroud as ‘the most lied about and misunderstood artifact in the world’ and thanked Carlson for the opportunity to share his findings.