TALLAHASSEE, Fla. – Siding with publishers and authors, a federal judge Wednesday ruled that a key part of a 2023 Florida law that has led to books being removed from school library shelves is “overbroad and unconstitutional.”

U.S. District Judge Carlos Mendoza issued a 50-page decision in a First Amendment lawsuit filed last year against members of the State Board of Education and the school boards in Orange and Volusia counties. He focused primarily on part of the law that seeks to prevent the availability of reading material that “describes sexual conduct.”

The Orlando-based judge wrote that the law “does not evaluate the work to determine if it has any holistic value” and “does not specify what level of detail ‘describes sexual conduct.’”

“As plaintiffs note, it is unclear what the statute actually prohibits,” Mendoza wrote. “It might forbid material that states characters ‘spent the night together’ or ‘made love.’ Perhaps not. Defendants do not attempt to explain how the statute should work.”

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He added that the Florida Department of Education directed educators to “err on the side of caution,” which resulted in books being removed because of fears school districts would be punished.

“But even a reading of the statute that excludes allusions to sexual activity nevertheless requires the removal of any material that contains even a single sentence that is prohibited by the statute — with no consideration of its overall value,” Mendoza wrote.

Six publishing companies, The Authors Guild, five authors and two parents filed the lawsuit in August 2024 amid controversies in many areas of the state about decisions by school districts to remove books from library shelves or restrict access.

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The law (HB 1069) set up a process in which parents could object to reading material that is “pornographic” or “depicts or describes sexual conduct.” It required books that received such objections to be removed within five days and to remain unavailable until the objections were resolved.

In fighting the lawsuit, the state’s attorneys argued, in part, that the selection of library books is “government speech” and not subject to the First Amendment. But Mendoza rejected that argument Wednesday, saying “the removal of library books without consideration of their overall value cannot be expressive activity amounting to government speech.”

“A blanket content-based prohibition on materials, rather than one based on individualized curation, hardly expresses any intentional government message at all,” Mendoza wrote. “Slapping the label of government speech on book removals only serves to stifle the disfavored viewpoints.”

The judge also cited the role of parental objections in driving decisions to remove books.

“To be sure, parents have the right to ‘direct the upbringing and education of children,’ but the government cannot repackage their speech and pass it off as its own,” he wrote, partially quoting a U.S. Supreme Court precedent.

Mendoza also approved interpreting the word “pornographic” in the law as being “synonymous with ‘harmful to minors’ under Florida law.”

The lawsuit cited removals from library shelves of numerous books, such as “The Bluest Eye” by Toni Morrison and “Love in the Time of Cholera” by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Both of those authors were awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for their novels and other work.

The plaintiffs in the case are publishing companies Penguin Random House LLC, Hachette Book Group, Inc., HarperCollins Publishers LLC, Macmillan Publishing Group, LLC, Simon & Schuster, LLC and Sourcebooks LLC; The Authors Guild; authors Julia Alvarez, John Green, Laurie Halse Anderson, Jodi Picoult and Angie Thomas; and parents Heidi Kellogg and Judith Anne Hayes.