SAVANNAH, Ga. (AP) — In a significant ruling, a federal appeals court affirmed on Friday the hate crime convictions of three white men involved in the tragic killing of Ahmaud Arbery. Arbery, a Black man, was chased through a Georgia neighborhood by the men in pickup trucks before being fatally shot by one of them.

More than a year after the appeal was initially filed, a three-judge panel from the 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals delivered their decision. The appeal, presented in March 2024 by the defendants’ legal team, argued for the overturning of the convictions on the grounds that racist text messages and social media posts did not conclusively prove that Arbery was targeted because of his race.

During the 2022 trial, federal prosecutors effectively utilized these digital correspondences to convince a jury that the killing of Arbery was driven by what they described as “pent-up racial anger.”

Judge Elizabeth L. Branch, writing on behalf of the appellate panel, stated that prosecutors successfully demonstrated each defendant harbored deep-seated prejudices. This evidence, she noted, was compelling enough for a reasonable juror to conclude that Arbery’s race was the pivotal factor in the deadly chase.

Even if their hate-crime convictions had been overturned, the men would remain incarcerated. They are already serving life sentences for murder, as determined by a Georgia state court, ensuring they remain behind bars regardless of the federal ruling.

Video of Arbery’s killing fueled national outrage

Father and son Greg and Travis McMichael armed themselves and used a pickup truck to pursue 25-year-old Arbery after spotting him running in their neighborhood just outside the port city of Brunswick on Feb. 23, 2020. A neighbor, William “Roddie” Bryan, joined the chase and recorded cellphone video of Travis McMichael shooting Arbery at close range.

More than two months passed without arrests, until Bryan’s graphic video of the killing leaked online. The Georgia Bureau of Investigation took over the case from local police as outrage over Arbery’s death became part of a national outcry over racial injustice. Charges soon followed.

All three men were convicted of murder by a state court in late 2021. After a second trial in U.S. District Court in early 2022, a jury found the trio guilty of hate crimes and attempted kidnapping.

Greg McMichael’s attorney in the hate crimes case, A.J. Balbo, declined to comment on the appellate ruling. Attorneys for Bryan and Travis McMichael did not immediately return phone and email messages.

Defense argued racist messages didn’t prove racism against Arbery

In their federal appeals, lawyers for Bryan and Greg McMichael criticized prosecutors’ use of more than two dozen social media posts and text messages, as well as witness testimony, that showed all three men using racist slurs or otherwise disparaging Black people.

Bryan’s attorney, Pete Theodocion, argued those statements were so repulsive that prosecutors were able to sway the jury without proving a racist intent to harm Arbery himself.

Balbo, Greg McMichael’s lawyer, insisted his client initiated the pursuit of Arbery because he mistakenly suspected him of being a fleeing criminal. The McMichaels had seen security camera videos in prior months that showed Arbery entering a neighboring home under construction.

The 11th Circuit judges rejected those arguments, noting there was no evidence Arbery had committed any crimes in the men’s neighborhood. He was unarmed and had no stolen property when he was killed.

In Travis McMichael’s appeal, attorney Amy Lee Copeland didn’t dispute the jury’s finding that he was motivated by racism. The social media evidence included a 2018 Facebook comment Travis McMichael made on a video of a Black man playing a prank on a white person. He used an expletive and a racial slur when writing he’d kill him.

Instead, Copeland based her appeal on legal technicalities. She said that prosecutors failed to prove the streets of the Satilla Shores subdivision where Arbery was killed were public roads, as stated in the indictment used to charge the men. The 11th Circuit rejected her argument.

The trial judge sentenced both McMichaels to life in prison for their hate crime convictions, plus additional time — 10 years for Travis McMichael and seven years for his father — for brandishing guns while committing violent crimes. Bryan received a lighter hate crime sentence of 35 years in prison, in part because he wasn’t armed and preserved the cellphone video that became crucial evidence.