A federal court in Manhattan admonished the Trump administration on Thursday for attempting to evade its discovery responsibilities in a series of combined lawsuits concerning the cessation of grant awards from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH).

U.S. District Judge Colleen McMahon, appointed by Bill Clinton, delivered a decisive opinion spanning 32 pages, favoring the plaintiffs over the government. The court approved several motions by the plaintiffs to compel discovery in two merged cases, dismissing numerous objections raised by the U.S. Department of Justice.

This decision sharply criticizes the Trump administration’s conduct during the discovery process and cautions that any future violations of discovery obligations could lead to sanctions.

“The Court reminds the parties that fulfilling discovery obligations ‘is not optional or negotiable,'” the opinion emphasizes. “It is well-established that a district court holds broad authority to penalize a party for discovery abuses. The Court will not hesitate to impose sanctions on any party failing to meet its discovery responsibilities or the Court’s directives regarding discovery.”

The legal battle commenced in May when several leading humanities organizations initiated a lawsuit against the NEH for revoking “hundreds of millions of dollars” in grants intended for projects and research—funds that were allocated by Congress for these purposes. Shortly after, an authors’ guild representing those affected by the grant withdrawals filed a separate lawsuit on similar grounds.

In sum, the plaintiffs alleged a myriad of constitutional and statutory violations – including claims that the NEH had violated the First Amendment, acted in excess of any cognizable power and authority, and serially ran afoul of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), the federal law governing the behavior of administrative agencies.

The lawsuits were then joined.

Motions practice on discovery issues began in earnest over the summer but quickly took a turn toward the dramatic when the DOJ suggested a decidedly limited scope of discovery.

The plaintiffs strongly opposed that idea.

In a terse endorsement, the judge agreed.

“The government is NOT correct that this is a case in which we are limited to the administrative record,” a September docket entry reads. “It is primarily (though not exclusively) a first amendment lawsuit, as to which discovery is entirely appropriate.”

More back-and-forth motions ensued for months as the plaintiffs tried, and failed, to get government officials on the record.

Earlier this month, one group of plaintiffs filed a letter motion to compel. The filing complains of repeat discovery violations and alleges the NEH has violated a court order meant to effectuate discovery compliance.

The letter motion reads, in relevant part:

Plaintiffs … submit this letter to notify and seek relief from the Court regarding Defendants’ refusal to comply with the Court’s orders regarding discovery. This Court ordered months ago that the record in this matter would not be limited to an administrative record and that [humanities association] Plaintiffs would be permitted to take full discovery as relevant to their constitutional claims. And yet, Defendants continue to insist that they presumptively need not produce records or information beyond the administrative record, and Defendants are refusing to participate in standard discovery of the named Defendants.

In a corresponding memorandum of law in support of the motion to compel, the plaintiffs restate their allegations in simple terms.

“The Government is refusing to comply with this Court’s directives regarding the Administrative Record and discovery,” the memo reads.

To hear the plaintiffs tell it, they need to depose several members of the U.S. Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) and the NEH. Additionally, the plaintiffs insist the government has been unwilling to perform relevant document searches at other implicated agencies. Finally, the plaintiffs allege the administrative record is far from complete.

In real terms, the plaintiffs allege the government has provided a total of “27 NEH” documents and is resisting providing anything more.

In her Thursday order, McMahon rubbished the idea that the amount of documents the government provided would satisfy the discovery needed in the case.

“Where the record itself shows that the materials considered by those who made the decision have not been produced, judicial review cannot proceed on the ‘whole record’ as required by the APA,” the judge explained. “As in [the relevant case law], the problem for the Government lies in the fact that the administrative record, as currently designated, does not reflect ‘all documents and materials directly or indirectly considered’ in connection with the cancellation of 1,400 grants.”

The judge goes on like this, at length:

Whether the current 27-document “administrative record” reflects all documents and materials that Defendants directly or indirectly considered is not an inquiry that ends with mere record certification. Consistent with [aforementioned case law], the Court concludes that discovery beyond the administrative record is warranted. The Court cannot meaningfully discharge its duty of review under the APA by accepting at face value an administrative record whose completeness or candor is in genuine doubt.