Residents of a coastal Georgia county are heading to the polls on Tuesday to determine if larger homes should be permitted on Sapelo Island, a place where Black landowners are anxious about the potential rise in property taxes. The island hosts one of the few remaining Gullah-Geechee communities, established by freed slaves in the South.

This referendum, driven by islanders themselves, aims to counter the 2023 decision by McIntosh County commissioners, which allowed for the doubling of home sizes in the small community of Hogg Hummock. This move threatened to dismantle long-standing building restrictions that have historically kept property taxes manageable for this culturally significant Black enclave.

For over ten years, tension has simmered between Hogg Hummock’s Black landowners and county officials. The friction intensified as outsiders began purchasing land to construct vacation homes, leading to fears among the locals that their property taxes would skyrocket with the influx of large, luxury homes. County commissioners have pointed fingers at native landowners, accusing them of selling their land and contributing to the evolving landscape.

In response, Black residents and their allies mobilized to bring the issue to a public vote, successfully gathering over 2,300 signatures and taking their battle to the Georgia Supreme Court, which resulted in a special election.

No matter the outcome, the vote is unlikely to put an end to the ongoing conflict.

“I strongly believe we’re going to win,” said Jazz Watts, a Hogg Hummock descendant and landowner who was among the organizers of the referendum push. “What happens next is still kind of a legal question based on what the county does.”

Island may see land values spike in new tax assessment

Commissioners have said that if voters repeal their zoning changes, they will consider Hogg Hummock to be without any limits on development rather than go back to building restrictions that protected the community for three decades.

That could lead to another court fight. Dana Braun, an attorney for the Hogg Hummock landowners, accused county officials of “pushing this ludicrous argument” in an effort to defeat the referendum.

Commissioners could also try to push through a new zoning law for Hogg Hummock.

Meanwhile, county assessors are weighing a proposal to recalculate the taxable value of Hogg Hummock properties for the first time since 2012. Their chief appraiser, Blair McLinn, predicts landowners could see painful increases, with values per half-acre possibly jumping from an average of $27,500 to $145,000.

McLinn said he plans to meet with island residents to hear their concerns. But given nearly 20 sales in recent years with half-acre lots fetching up to $210,000, he said, steep increases seem unavoidable.

“To leave it alone is not going to be an option, as far as revaluation goes,” McLinn said in a phone interview.

Recognized as a US treasure, island relies on local protection

Located about 60 miles (95 kilometers) south of Savannah, Sapelo Island remains largely unspoiled. The state of Georgia owns most of its 30 square miles (78 square kilometers), and there are no roads linking the island to the mainland.

Hogg Hummock, also known as Hog Hammock, sits on less than a square mile. About 30 to 50 Black residents still live in modest homes along dirt roads in the community.

Gullah-Geechee communities are scattered along the Southeast coast from North Carolina to Florida, where they have endured since the Civil War ended. Scholars say separation from the mainland caused these communities to retain much of their African heritage, including a unique dialect.

Hogg Hummock earned a place in 1996 on the National Register of Historic Places, the official list of treasured U.S. historic sites. But for protections to preserve the community, residents depend on the local government in McIntosh County, where 65% of the 11,100 residents are white.

“People worked hard to get this land on Sapelo and they worked hard to preserve who they are,” said Maurice Bailey, an island native who runs a program aimed at boosting farming in the community. “Without this land, all of our descendants lose their connection.”

Dozens of the island’s Black landowners protested after being hit with sharp property tax increases in 2012, and county officials rolled back their tax bills. Island residents followed up with a lawsuit accusing McIntosh County of taxing them while providing minimal services. A 2022 settlement froze island property assessments through last year.

Island residents said they were blindsided in 2023 when commissioners moved swiftly to weaken a special zoning ordinance enacted three decades earlier to protect Hogg Hummock landowners from unaffordable tax increases.

Commissioners voted to increase the maximum size of homes in Hogg Hummock from 1,400 to 3,000 square feet (130 to 278 square meters). They said the changes would allow more living space for families and denied seeking to displace Black landowners.