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For several months, intelligence operatives from Israel and the United States, including the CIA, had been discreetly observing Iran’s Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, waiting patiently for the perfect moment.
They scrutinized his everyday habits—his residences, his meetings, his communication methods, and potential hiding spots in case of an attack, according to five sources familiar with the situation who spoke to CNN. Their watchful eyes were also on Iran’s top political and military figures, who seldom convened with the ayatollah, the nation’s supreme leader for nearly 40 years.
Recently, a window of opportunity presented itself. Key Iranian figures, including Khamenei, were scheduled to convene on a Saturday morning at different locations within a Tehran compound, which houses the offices of the ayatollah, the presidency, and the national security headquarters.
According to an Israeli insider, the overly cautious supreme leader felt more secure in daylight, which led him to lower his defenses.
This scenario was seen by some Israeli and American officials as an opportunity too advantageous to ignore.
‘We’re making history’
Attack plans for a dark-of-night assault were adjusted to a daytime assault, three of the people said. In a note to Israeli air force pilots, the chief of staff of Israel’s military, Eyal Zamir, laid out the stakes.
“On Saturday at dawn, Operation Roaring Lion begins,” he wrote.
“You are cleared to strike your targets. We’re making history. I trust you. Good luck to us all.”
In broad daylight, about 6am in Israel, Israeli war planes fired into the compound in the opening salvo of a highly coordinated wave of strikes from the US and Israel. They were equipped with highly accurate munitions and long-range missiles, sources said. All three sites with the various leaders at the compound were hit simultaneously. Hours later, Trump announced Khamenei was dead.
“He was unable to avoid our Intelligence and Highly Sophisticated Tracking Systems and, working closely with Israel, there was not a thing he, or the other leaders that have been killed along with him, could do,” Trump wrote in his announcement on social media.
It’s still not clear what prompted Iran’s senior-most leaders — including the commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and the defence minister — to convene in the middle of Tehran in the same rough location as Khamenei, and at a moment when the US had amassed extensive military firepower in the region to make good on Trump’s threats to attack. Israeli intelligence had determined Khamenei’s top advisers, including Aziz Nasirzadeh, the minister of defence; Admiral Ali Shamkhani, the head of the Military Council; Mohammad Shirazi, the deputy intelligence minister; Mohammad Pakpour, the commander in chief of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps; and Seyyed Majid Mousavi, the commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps Aerospace Force, were present, among others. Nor was it clear who would replace them.
But even amid the vast uncertainty about what lies ahead, the operation laid bare how well-developed Israeli and American intelligence had become inside Iran over the last several months, and how quickly the two countries were prepared to act when the opportunity arose.
“Israel regularly monitors all of the leaders of its main adversaries in one way or another,” an Israeli military official said.
“Of course when you carry out an operation like this you need extra intelligence, and you need to connect together several elements and factors together which can be quite complicated.”
Israel has repeatedly shown the extent to which its intelligence services had penetrated Iran, assassinating high-level military leaders and nuclear officials. But after a 12-day war between Israel and Iran in June, the country’s defence minister acknowledged they never had the operational opportunity to target Iran’s supreme leader.
This time was shaping up to be different.
Israel and the US had been jointly working on the operation for weeks. During a visit to Mar-a-Lago the week after Christmas, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu informed Trump that Iran was working to advance its ballistic missile program and restart its nuclear capabilities after a US bombing run in June had targeted its three main enrichment facilities.
In the meeting, Trump said he would support a renewed Israeli military effort to take out missile sites.
A few days later, massive street protests erupted inside Iran, prompting a deadly crackdown that saw the regime kill thousands of protesters. Trump vowed to come to the protesters’ aid, claiming the US was “locked and loaded”.
That is when planning for a joint American-Israeli operation shifted into a higher gear.
At the time, the US did not have the massive collection of military assets near Iran that would be necessary to both conduct the type of operation that was being planned and to protect American assets in the region that would likely be targeted by Iranian reprisals.
Those would be dispatched in the ensuing weeks. Two aircraft carriers — including the world’s largest — sailed toward the Middle East, along with hundreds of jets, tankers, ships and submarines. The buildup was clearly visible to the world — and to Iran — and served as a significant point of leverage as the US pursued diplomatic talks.
Meanwhile, a parade of top Israeli military and intelligence officials were flying to Washington to make plans. Recent visits by the chief of staff to the Israeli Defence Forces, the head of Israeli military intelligence and the director of Israeli’s Mossad intelligence agency all centered on coordination and preparations for the mission.
The same applied to a February 11 meeting between Trump and Netanyahu in Washington, which was moved up by a week as the prime minister worked urgently to ensure Trump remained committed to carrying out an attack.
Simultaneous diplomatic efforts at striking a nuclear deal with Iran led Trump — at least publicly — to insist he wasn’t yet ready to green light a military operation. He declared the meeting with Netanyahu non-conclusive.
“There was nothing definitive reached other than I insisted that negotiations with Iran continue to see whether or not a Deal can be consummated,” he wrote on Truth Social afterward.
The meeting unfolded without any public appearances by the two men, a rarity for Trump’s meetings with foreign officials. An Israeli official attributed the closed-door nature to the meeting being about work, not public relations.
Yet the private meeting also served to paper over any differences between the two men on the wisdom of trying to negotiate with Iran to avoid conflict. Netanyahu had warned publicly the Iranians couldn’t be trusted to negotiate in good faith. But Trump appeared intent on exhausting any diplomatic window that would avoid starting a new war.
Over the next two weeks, Trump’s envoys in talks with Iran — Steve Witkoff and Jared Kushner — continued trying to ascertain what concessions the country might make on its nuclear ambitions.
Many American officials were doubtful the talks would yield anything close to what Trump was demanding: a permanent end to Iranian nuclear enrichment. While Tehran did appear to make some concessions in the three rounds of indirect talks, it was not enough for Trump.
The administration had offered Iranian leaders options for developing what the senior official called a “peaceful nuclear program”. One senior US official said Iran rejected a proposal that the United States would provide the country with nuclear fuel. The White House and the CIA declined to comment.
“We offered them many, many ways to do that,” the senior official said. “But instead, that was met with games, tricks, stall tactics, and that was really the conclusion that we came back with.”
After the final round of talks in Geneva on Thursday, Witkoff and Kushner called Trump to inform him of Iran’s unmoving position on dismantling its nuclear program entirely — an outcome that seemed to harden the president’s view that military action would be necessary.
Flying to Texas a day later aboard Air Force One, Trump consulted on the decision before him with a number of Republicans, including senators Ted Cruz and John Cornyn of Texas. By then, intelligence officials had already identified the Saturday morning meeting in Tehran that would become the centrepiece of the eventual operation.
“He didn’t tell us what he was going to do, but he posed the question of whether Iran must be stopped by whatever necessary action that he might choose to take,” Cornyn said a day later, after the attack had unfolded.
Speaking at the Port of Corpus Christi, Trump on Friday acknowledged he had a difficult choice in front of him.
“Now we have a big decision to make,” he said — by then fully aware of what the targets were, how Iran might respond and the many unknowns about what would come after. “Not easy.”
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