With millions relying on them for motivation and guidance, some experts are starting to worry.

Poor body image and number-obsession findings

“Whilst there is evidence that these tools can be effective in increasing physical activity, we’re interested in understanding whether these apps might actually be harmful for some users.”

Only a limited amount of studies analysed separated app types, like diet or fitness, making it difficult to determine which app types were correlated with the findings.

Health and fitness apps: helpful tools or harmful triggers?

But for those predisposed to disordered eating or those who are more vulnerable, like adolescents, these apps could potentially exacerbate symptoms.

Sarah Squire, head of knowledge, research and policy at The Butterfly Foundation — a charity offering support for people affected by eating disorders and body image issues — added that for the general population, health and fitness apps might promote good nutrition and physical exercise.

Squire explained that those susceptible to eating disorders often have what she calls a “numeric logic”, where they might be more inclined to look at numeric data like calories, weight, or a certain number of steps, and get “obsessive” about reaching it.

Correlation, not causation

This is because who is susceptible to disordered eating and body image is highly complex, and it’s not that easy to say their condition is the result of an app.

The research also suggested those with a predisposition to disordered eating may be more likely to start using these apps to reinforce and maintain maladaptive behaviours, suggesting more in-app screening processes may be needed.

Calls for more research and greater regulation

“As these apps proliferate, the case for more regulation does become stronger,” she said, adding that it’s important for consumers to “understand what they’re looking at”.

Before downloading a health or fitness app, she encourages you to ask yourself a few questions:

• Who developed the app?
• Is it a commercial entity looking to make some money out of the product?
• What experts have been involved? 
• Are there any trials or published evidence in peer-reviewed journal articles that show these tactics are effective?

Squire also called for more research into the space, particularly from those with lived experience.

To delete or not to delete? Reassessing your app usage

For support with eating disorders or body image concerns, call Butterfly National Helpline on 1800 ED HOPE (1800 33 4673) or visit www.butterfly.org.au to chat online or email, 7 days a week, 8am-midnight (AEST/AEDT).