The company said it had spent just $US5.6 million ($8.9 million) on computing power for its base model, compared with the hundreds of millions or billions of dollars US companies spend on their AI technologies.

That sent shockwaves through markets, in particular the tech sector, on Monday in the US (early Tuesday AEDT).

The S&P 500 fell by 1.4 per cent and the tech-heavy Nasdaq plunged by 2.3 per cent. The Dow was unchanged. Markets were substantially lower earlier in the session, but investors may have judged the sell-off somewhat overdone.

US tech stocks got hammered on Monday morning. Nvidia, the leading supplier of AI chips, whose stock more than doubled in each of the past two years, fell 12 per cent. Meta and Alphabet, Google’s parent company, were also down sharply. Nvidia competitors Marvell, Broadcom, Micron and TSMC all fell sharply, too. Oracle, Vertiv, Constellation, NuScale and other data centre companies tumbled.

That dragged down the broader stock market, because tech stocks make up a significant chunk of the market — tech constitutes about 45 per cent of the S&P 500, according to Keith Lerner, analyst at Truist.

“The bottom line is the US outperformance has been driven by tech and the lead that US companies have in AI,” Lerner said.

“The DeepSeek model rollout is leading investors to question the lead that US companies have and how much is being spent and whether that spending will lead to profits (or overspending).”

This week kicks off a series of tech companies reporting earnings, so their response to the DeepSeek stunner could lead to tumultuous market movements in the days and weeks to come. In the meantime, investors are taking a closer look at Chinese AI companies.

“Chinese tech companies, including new entrants like DeepSeek, are trading at significant discounts due to geopolitical concerns and weaker global demand,” said Charu Chanana, chief investment strategist at Saxo.

“DeepSeek’s rise could spark renewed investor interest in undervalued Chinese AI companies, providing an alternative growth story.”

A massive rotation out of AI bets

The news also sparked a huge change in investments in non-technology companies on Wall Street.

Energy companies had been traded up significantly higher in recent years because of the massive amounts of electricity needed to power AI data centres. But they all plummeted on Monday. Constellation Energy, the company behind the planned revival of the Three Mile Island nuclear plant for powering AI, fell nearly 20 per cent on Monday. Competitors like Vistra fell 26 per cent and GE Vernova was down 19 per cent.

Futures for natural gas, used to power electricity generators, tumbled 9 per cent. Oil fell more than 1 per cent.

Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies also tumbled.

One achievement, albeit a gobsmacking one, may not be enough to counter years of progress in American AI leadership. And a massive customer shift to a Chinese startup is unlikely. So the market selloff may be a bit overdone — or perhaps investors were looking for an excuse to sell.

“Time will tell if the DeepSeek threat is real — the race is on as to what technology works and how the big Western players will respond and evolve,” said Michael Block, market strategist at Third Seven Capital.

“Markets had gotten too complacent on the beginning of the Trump 2.0 era and may have been looking for an excuse to pull back — and they got a great one here.”

The industry is also taking the company at its word that the cost was so low. No one is really disputing it, but the market freak-out hinges on the truthfulness of a single and relatively unknown company.

Although the cost-saving achievement may be significant, the R1 model is a ChatGPT competitor – a consumer-focused large-language model. It hasn’t yet proven it can handle some of the massively ambitious AI capabilities for industries that – for now – still require tremendous infrastructure investments.

“Thanks to its rich talent and capital base, the US remains the most promising ‘home turf’ from which we expect to see the emergence of the first self-improving AI,” said Giuseppe Sette, President of AI market research firm Reflexivity.