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In brief
- The treasurer said two scenarios that have already been modelled could underestimate the cost.
- Prior to the strikes on Iran, oil had been trading at about US$71 a barrel.
In a recent development, Treasurer Jim Chalmers has indicated that the ongoing conflict in the Middle East is being closely examined through various scenarios, including one particularly severe possibility. This situation is expected to play a crucial role in shaping the forthcoming May budget.
During a pre-budget address set for Thursday, Chalmers plans to outline how this latest crisis could be the fifth major shock to the global economy, following the global financial crisis, a significant pandemic, a worldwide inflation surge, and rising trade tensions. “This oil shock has the potential to become another significant disruptor,” he will assert.
The past few weeks have witnessed a dramatic rise in oil prices, largely due to military actions by the United States and Israel against Iran. These events have ignited a regional conflict, significantly impacting the global market.
Compounding the issue, the Strait of Hormuz—an essential maritime route on Iran’s southern border, which handles roughly 20% of the world’s oil supply—has faced severe restrictions. This effective blockade has resulted in a 40% to 50% surge in global oil prices, further escalating costs for critical commodities such as fertilizers and plastics.
The effective blockade of the strait has seen a 40 to 50 per cent rise in global oil prices, also driving up prices for commodities like fertiliser and plastics.
“This is adding upward pressure to global inflation, interest rate expectations and bond yields, while international equity markets and sentiment more broadly have fallen,” Chalmers said.
On Tuesday, the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) hiked interest rates by 0.25 per cent for the second time in as many months, citing high inflation.
Chalmers, at the time, said Australia’s pre-existing inflation challenges had been exacerbated by the war.
Government modelling predicts the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP) could be 0.6 per cent lower by 2027 if the war isn’t resolved soon, Chalmers will reveal in his speech.
By 2029, in the worst-case scenario, the economy still will not have fully recovered from the aftershocks of the war, he will say.
“Around half of the impact to GDP is due to the impact of higher oil. The other half is due to broader consequences,” he will tell a gathering of business economists in Melbourne.
‘Drastic’ scenario under consideration
In his remarks previewing the budget, Chalmers said treasury had constantly been monitoring and modelling potential impacts of the war.
“We have been considering two scenarios, with a third more drastic one also under development,” he said.
In the shorter term scenario, the oil price remains at US$100 a barrel for the first half of the year and then gradually returns to pre-war prices by end of year.
Should a more prolonged scenario play out, the treasury has forecast the oil price reaching US$120 a barrel in the first half of the year, taking three years to return to its pre-war price.
Chalmers warned that both scenarios could underestimate the cost, “given where the oil price is and the uncertain duration of these events”.
Oil is currently trading at about US$100 a barrel and prior to the war, was trading at about US$71 a barrel.
A widely accepted rule of thumb is that every US$10 increase in the price of a barrel adds 10 cents to the fuel pump in Australia.
‘Very real’ prospect of higher inflation
Headline inflation is at 3.8 per cent, far higher than the RBA’s 2-3 per cent target range.
In announcing Tuesday’s rate hike, RBA governor Michele Bullock said the uncertainty brought on by the Middle East conflict was “just another reason to be a little cautious.
In treasury’s longer-term scenario, inflation would peak 1.25 per cent higher than previously expected — around 5 per cent — while in the shorter-term one it would be at least 0.75 per cent higher, putting it in the high fours in 2026.
“It means the prospect of inflation peaking in the high fours or even higher this year is very real,” he said.
The government’s immediate priority is Australia’s fuel security, Chalmers said.
“That’s why we are making more supply available for industry and households, managing our reserves responsibly and we’re helping to keep fuel flowing to the regions.”
“And we are preparing for the risk of more prolonged disruption, including through work with international partners, to help insulate more fuel-exposed industries like farming, transport and mining.”
— With the Australian Associated Press.
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