A redacted version of the ICC’s charge sheet, dated 4 July, was only made public on Tuesday AEST.

What are the charges against Rodrigo Duterte?

It was in this southern Philippines stronghold, which Duterte ruled for decades, that he tested his war on drugs, which he later implemented nationwide during his presidency from 2016 to 2022.

Forty-three murders were allegedly committed during “clearance” operations of lower-level alleged drug users or pushers.

Two of the three counts against Rodrigo Duterte relate to the murders of 57 people between the start of his presidency in 2016 and 2019. Source: AAP / EPA / Stringer

Together, the 57 murders took place from the start of Duterte’s presidency in 2016 until 2019, when he withdrew the Philippines from the Rome Statute that governs the ICC, fearing prosecution.

Duterte was Philippines’ president until 2022. He was re-elected mayor of Davao City in May this year.

How has the ICC pursued Duterte, and what could happen next?

He surrendered to the ICC on 12 March in response to the arrest warrant, and appeared before the judges in The Hague for the first time two days later.