In the tranquil countryside of northwestern Greece, a farmer recently encountered a devastating scene: three of his sheep lay lifeless, victims of a brutal attack. The culprit was unmistakable, as large paw prints on the ground revealed the presence of a bear—a sight that is becoming increasingly common in this region.

“It was a bear, a very big one, and they come often now,” recounted Anastasios Kasparidis, a local farmer. He further explained that he wasn’t alone in facing such predicaments; another farmer had suffered losses of chickens and pigs. In response, Kasparidis took precautionary measures by relocating his remaining sheep to a pen closer to his home for added safety.

“Otherwise, I’d end up with no sheep at all. The bears would consume them all,” Kasparidis lamented.

The resurgence of bear and wolf populations in Greece, attributed to their protected status that prohibits hunting, has been celebrated by environmentalists. However, this revival has sparked concerns among farmers and rural residents who worry about their livelihoods and safety. They are advocating for enhanced protective measures, reflecting a broader European debate where some argue that conservation efforts have become excessive and seek to ease current restrictions.

Bears, wolves, and boars are at the center of this unfolding narrative.

Brown bears, Greece’s largest predator, have made a remarkable comeback. Their numbers have increased roughly fourfold since the 1990s, said Dimitris Bakaloudis, a professor at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki who specializes in wildlife management and conservation.

Up to an estimated 870 brown bears roam the forests of northern Greece, according to the most recent survey by Arcturos, an environmental organization set up in 1992 that provides a sanctuary for rescued bears and wolves.

And it’s not just bears. Wolves also have seen their numbers rise. While wolves could only be found as far south as central Greece in 2010, they have now spread to the outskirts of Athens and into the Peloponnese in southern Greece, Bakaloudis said.

Their recovery has been sustained in part by the also increasing population of wild boars, which is unrelated to conservation efforts. Rather, a combination of a number of factors, including a reduction of hunting, milder winters and cross-breeding with domestic pigs have led them to reproduce at a faster rate, Bakaloudis explained.

Viewed by many as pests that destroy crops, the sight of a dozen or more boars trotting along sidewalks or snuffling through backyards are no longer uncommon in many parts of Greece.

Increasing human encounters

The larger number of wild animals has also resulted in more contact with humans — the vast majority of whom are unfamiliar with how to behave during an encounter. Lack of familiarity has led to fear in some communities, particularly following a small number of serious incidents this year: a child bitten by a wolf, an elderly man injured by a bear in his yard, a hiker bitten by a bear and another hiker who died after falling into a ravine during a bear encounter.

In Levea, a village of about 660 people surrounded by fields in northwestern Greece, several bear encounters were reported in October, while boars frequently roam through the village, said community president Tzefi Papadopoulou. The bears especially had frightened residents.

“As soon as they heard a dog bark, they were ready to go out with the gun,” she said.

It’s similar in the nearby village of Valtonera, 170 kilometers west of Greece’s second largest city, Thessaloniki.

“The village used to be without wild animals. In the past, a wolf would appear once in a while,” said Konstantinos Nikolaidis, community president. Now, wild boars, foxes, bears or wolves roam around or even inside the village, he noted.

“This has caused concern among all residents. It’s now difficult for a person to walk around outside at night,” he said.

The burgeoning wild boar population, meanwhile, has led to calls for the hunting season to be extended.

Giorgos Panagiotidis, deputy mayor of the nearby small town of Amyntaio, said boars had been increasingly encroaching on houses. In May, he asked authorities for hunters to be allowed to shoot boars out of season to tackle the problem.

It’s an issue that isn’t unique to Greece. In a victory of farmers over environmentalists, European Union lawmakers voted in May to reduce protections for wolves across the EU’s 27 member states. The movement even gained support from European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, whose pony Dolly was killed by a wolf three years ago.

Solutions

Experts note it isn’t just the larger number of wild animals that has led to encroachment on urban areas. Many factors are at play, they say, from loss of habitat due to wildfires, to noise disturbances from wind turbines and recreational vehicles, and animals emboldened by dwindling human populations in villages.

“There is of course fragmentation of the bears’ habitat, frequently there is drought, there’s a lack of food in the natural environment, there’s a desertification of villages which makes inhabited areas more attractive to bears, so they approach and find food,” said Panos Stefanou, communications officer at Arcturos.

Measures to keep wolves and bears at bay have been developed and approved by scientists, said Bakaloudis, the Thessaloniki university professor, including using lights around property, proper disposal of trash and dead livestock and avoiding feeding strays.

In exceptional circumstances more invasive methods are used, he said, such as in the case of the wolf attack on the child in northern Greece, where authorities decided to capture and remove the animal.

With so many factors contributing to increasing encounters between wild animals and humans, Stefanou cautioned against overly simplistic solutions.

“Killing the animals is not what will solve the problem,” he said.