THE HAGUE – On Monday, Myanmar will be under scrutiny as it faces charges of genocide against the Rohingya ethnic group at the United Nations’ highest court, with a significant legal hearing set to commence.

The case was initiated by Gambia, a nation in West Africa, at the International Court of Justice back in 2019. Gambia contends that the military’s “clearance operation” in Myanmar during 2017 breached the terms of the 1948 Genocide Convention.

Myanmar, currently under military rule, has consistently refuted these accusations.

During a preliminary session in 2022, Gambia’s representative, lawyer Paul S. Reichler, emphasized the importance of the ICJ, stating that without it, the military would face no accountability, potentially leading to the unrestrained persecution and possible annihilation of the Rohingya people.

The military campaign was launched in Myanmar’s Rakhine state in 2017 following an assault by a Rohingya insurgent faction. Allegations against security forces include mass sexual violence, killings, and the burning of thousands of homes, driving over 700,000 Rohingya refugees into Bangladesh.

Now, some 1.2 million members of this persecuted minority are languishing in chaotic, overcrowded camps, where armed groups recruit children and girls as young as 12 are forced into prostitution. The sudden and severe foreign aid cuts imposed last year by U.S. President Donald Trump shuttered thousands of the camps’ schools and have caused children to starve to death.

“Myanmar’s case before the ICJ is a beacon of hope for hundreds of thousands of people like myself that our plight for justice will not go unheard,” Lucky Karim of Refugee Women for Peace and Justice, an organization that advocates for justice for the Rohingya, said in a statement.

Myanmar was initially represented at the court by Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi, who denied her country’s armed forces committed genocide, telling the ICJ in 2019 that the mass exodus of Rohingya people from the country she led was the unfortunate result of a battle with insurgents.

The pro-democracy icon is now in prison after being convicted of what her supporters call trumped-up charges after a military takeover of power.

Myanmar contested the court’s jurisdiction, saying Gambia was not directly involved in the conflict and therefore could not initiate a case. Both countries are signatories to the genocide convention, signed in the wake of World War II, and in 2022, judges rejected the argument, allowing the case to move forward.

The decision opened the door for South Africa to bring a case accusing Israel of genocide. Israel strongly denies the allegation and accuses Pretoria of providing political cover for Palestinian militant group Hamas.

Whatever the court ultimately decides in the Myanmar case will impact the South African case, Juliette McIntyre, an expert on international law at the University of South Australia, told The Associated Press. “The legal test for genocide is very strict but it is possible the judges broaden the definition,” she said.

Despite the length of the proceedings, McIntyre said they are still important for the victims. “It validates their experiences and can provide support for other legal actions.”

A finding of genocide would bolster the ongoing investigation and another court based in The Hague, the International Criminal Court. In 2024, the court’s chief prosecutor asked judges to issue an arrest warrant for the head of Myanmar’s military regime Senior Gen. Min Aung Hlaing for crimes against the Rohingya. That request is still pending.