Bottled water is often perceived as the safer option for drinking, largely because it undergoes filtration processes that remove potential contaminants like lead, agricultural pesticides, and industrial pollutants, which might not be entirely eliminated by municipal water systems.

However, recent laboratory tests challenge the notion that a higher price tag guarantees purer water.

Research conducted by the consumer advocacy platform Oasis Health has revealed the widespread presence of ‘forever chemicals’ derived from plastics in bottled water. These chemicals were found in both economical brands like Deer Park and Poland Spring, as well as premium brands such as Essentia and Topo Chico.

Forever chemicals, known for their water and stain-repelling properties, are used to line the interiors of plastic bottles and their caps to prevent leakage. These chemicals are byproducts of plastic manufacturing and can take many years to decompose, persisting in the environment and within the human body.

As these substances accumulate over time, they infiltrate the water and food supply, becoming widespread. When these per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) build up in human tissues, they can interfere with vital biological functions.

This includes interfering with hormone regulation, sabotaging the body’s ability to clear out bad cholesterol, promoting cancer-causing inflammation and, in pregnant women, disrupting fetal development, potentially leading to learning and developmental delays later on.

Plastic is known to be full of forever chemicals, and many people choose glass bottles to avoid the toxins, but now, testing has revealed that even water in glass bottles is not safe from PFAS contamination, which can also occur during the purification process, when water is stored or filtered through plastic systems. 

Bottled water is marketed as a clean escape from tap water contaminants like lead and pesticides. Yet lab tests prove a higher price does not mean purer water (stock image)

The EPA sets a PFAS exposure limit at 0.4 parts per trillion (ppt), but the health guideline most researchers agree on is 0.1 ppt. 

Oasis analysts scored thousands of bottled water brands, including Deer Park, SmartWater, Dasani and Fiji, among others. 

The scoring methodology is a comprehensive, points-based system. For each product, a base score out of 100 is adjusted using penalties for risks and bonuses for transparency. The closer their ranking got to 100, the less contaminated they were. 

For example, bottled water is penalized for missing third-party lab reports, the presence of contaminants, unsafe packaging materials, like certain plastics, or sourcing from municipal supplies.

Bonuses are awarded for brand transparency, like publishing test data. 

The final score places the product into a clear risk band, from ‘Excellent’ (90–100) to ‘Very Poor’ (below 60), providing a standardized, science-backed way for consumers to compare the health safety of products within the same category.

In most instances, Oasis analysts did not specify the types of forever chemicals found in different bottles. 

PFAS is a category that encompasses hundreds of molecules, each with its own risk profile, some known and some unknown.

Without knowing the specific chemical involved, it is difficult to gauge the risk associated with picking up a bottle of that water at the store.

PFOA, a type of PFAS for instance, has strong links to kidney and testicular cancer, as well as liver damage and thyroid disease. PFOS, another type of forever chemical, is most closely associated with kidney and thyroid cancer, as well as liver damage and high cholesterol.

Many of the worst performers contained PFAS concentrations of about 0.2 ppt, which is roughly double the health guideline for the chemicals agreed upon by environmental scientists across a wide body of research. 

However, there were two stand outs with even worse scores.

Topo Chico, 3.9 ppt, and Perrier, 1.7 ppt, had PFAS concentrations 39 times and 17 times the safe limit, respectively.

And Deer Park, 1.21 ppt, had PFAS concentrations at 12 times the safe limit. 

Essentia, Dasani, Smartwater and Aquafina, also each contained PFAS at a level of 0.2 parts per trillion (ppt).

Fiji was the only product that didn’t exceed PFAS levels, with 0.05 ppt, but it did test positive for arsenic.  

While this trace amount is extremely low, it is still twice the EPA’s stringent 0.004 ppt health advisory goal for PFOA, one of the most toxic PFAS chemicals. This indicates that even waters marketed as pure or enhanced contain these persistent industrial pollutants.

Most alarming was Perrier Sparkling Water’s high concentration of HFPO-DA (also known as GenX), a common PFOA replacement. 

Research, though less extensive than for PFOA or PFOS, indicates concerning health effects of GenX exposure. Animal studies have pointed to an elevated risk of liver toxicity, lesions in the kidneys and atrophied pancreas.

GenX is likely carcinogenic in humans, according to the EPA, based on animal studies that have linked the chemical to liver, pancreas and testicular tumors.

PFAS is a common contaminant in many household items from cookware to hamburger wrappers. It can remain in the environment as well as human tissue for years, even decades, before being cleared out

Many public health experts and organizations argue that there is no truly safe level of exposure to PFAS like PFOA and PFOS due to their extreme persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity at very low doses.

The problem is escalating as scientists link harmful health effects to increasingly minuscule PFAS concentrations. 

As a result, official ‘safe’ limits for these chemicals in drinking water become obsolete almost as soon as they are set. 

For example, the EPA’s recommended limit for PFOA alone has plummeted from 400 ppt in 2009 to 70 ppt in 2016; today, some states enforce limits as low as 0.1 ppt.

This drastic tightening applies to just one of thousands of PFAS compounds. Research shows people typically carry a mixture of multiple PFAS in their bodies simultaneously. It is now believed that over 200 million Americans have PFAS in their tap water.