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JEFFERSON CITY, Mo. — Amid a stalemate in the U.S. Senate regarding President Donald Trump’s push for stringent citizenship requirements for voters, several Republican-led states are moving forward with their initiatives. These measures could mandate that individuals provide documentary proof of citizenship to either register or remain registered on voter rolls.
Recently, South Dakota and Utah have given final approval to proof-of-citizenship legislation. In Florida, a similar proposal has successfully passed through one legislative chamber, while Missouri has conducted a committee hearing on the issue. Meanwhile, in Michigan, advocates for voter citizenship documentation have submitted 750,000 petition signatures to potentially place a constitutional amendment on the November ballot.
Federal law already bars noncitizens from participating in U.S. elections, with penalties including fines, imprisonment, and the possibility of deportation for violators.
When individuals register to vote, they are required to declare under penalty of perjury that they are U.S. citizens. However, President Trump argues that this is insufficient and insists that prospective voters should be required to provide proof of their citizenship.
What would the federal legislation do?
The proposed federal Safeguard American Voter Eligibility Act, commonly known as the SAVE America Act, seeks to enforce the requirement for documentary proof of U.S. citizenship for voter registration. This could be fulfilled by presenting documents such as a U.S. passport, a certificate of naturalization, or a combination of a birth certificate and government-issued photo ID.
The federal bill also would require a photo identification to cast a ballot, which some states already mandate. The Republican-led U.S. House approved the legislation last month on a mostly party-line vote, but it has stalled in the Senate under a filibuster threat from Democrats.
What would the new state measures do?
Legislation passed in South Dakota and Utah would create a two-tier voting system. People who provide documentation of their citizenship could vote in all elections. Those who don’t could vote only in federal elections for president, U.S. Senate and U.S. House.
The bifurcated voting system is modeled after Arizona, where tens of thousands of voters who have not provided proof of citizenship can cast ballots only in federal elections. Arizona implemented its system after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 2013 that the state could not require citizenship documentation for federal elections.
The bills in South Dakota and Utah would take effect upon a governor’s signature, meaning they could be in place for newly registered voters ahead of the November elections.
Utah’s bill also directs election officials to use an online service from U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement to check the citizenship status of existing voters. Those flagged would be sent notices asking for proof of citizenship to remain eligible to vote in all elections.
How are the Florida and Michigan measures different?
Neither the Michigan initiative nor legislation passed by the Florida House would require people to submit proof of citizenship when registering to vote. Instead, the measures would create a behind-the-scenes review that could result in some people being asked for citizenship documentation.
Under the Michigan measure, the secretary of state would review driver’s license records, juror records and federal Homeland Security and Social Security data to determine if registered voters are citizens. Those flagged would be removed from the voter rolls if they cannot provide proof of citizenship.
The Florida legislation would require election officials to verify the citizenship of all registered voters using the state’s driver’s license database. Anyone whose citizenship could not be verified would be required to submit documentary proof.
Why are some pushing for proof of citizenship?
Trump and some fellow Republicans have raised alarms for several years about noncitizens voting in U.S. elections. Though evidence of people doing so is rare, there are some cases.
In 2024, a student from China was charged with perjury and attempted illegal voting after registering to vote by showing a University of Michigan student ID and signing a document asserting he was a U.S. citizen. He later contacted a local clerk’s office requesting to get his ballot back, and ultimately fled the country.
The case provided part of the impetus for the Michigan ballot initiative, said Paul Jacob, chairman of Americans for Citizen Voting, which is backing the measure.
“We want a system we can have confidence in,” Jacob said. “The way you avoid big problems in elections is to fix the small problems when they rise up and present themselves.”
What are the concerns about documenting citizenship?
Constitutional amendments limiting voting to “only citizens” have won widespread support when placed on state ballots. But voting rights advocates say that requiring documentary proof can get complicated.
During a recent debate in the Florida House, Democratic state Rep. Ashley Gantt recounted how her aunt was born in a South Carolina home at a time when some hospitals didn’t accept Black patients. As a result, she has no birth certificate and has had difficulty tying to demonstrate her citizenship, Gantt said.
A proof-of-citizenship law “would stop many thousands — if not more — U.S. citizens from voting in Florida,” said Michelle Kanter Cohen, policy director and senior counsel at the nonprofit Fair Elections Center. “It requires documentation that a lot of eligible citizens don’t have, or don’t have access to.”
Nationwide, about 21 million people — 9% of voting-age citizens — lack documentary proof of citizenship or cannot easily obtain it, according to a 2024 report by the Center for Democracy and Civic Engagement at the University of Maryland.
What’s happened in other states that passed similar laws?
Legal challenges are common when states pass proof-of-citizenship requirements for voters.
After Kansas adopted a proof-of-citizenship law 15 years ago, more than 31,000 U.S. citizens ended up getting blocked from registering to vote. Federal courts declared the Kansas law an unconstitutional burden on voting rights, and it hasn’t been enforced since 2018.
Two years ago, New Hampshire and Louisiana both passed proof-of-citizenship laws, prompting lawsuits. New Hampshire’s law went to trial last month and is awaiting a ruling. Louisiana’s election commissioner acknowledged in a December court filing that the requirement has not been enforced.
A nonprofit group also filed a legal challenge to a Wyoming proof-of-citizenship law passed last year. But a federal court dismissed that case while ruling the group lacked standing to sue.