Rod Paige, a trailblazing figure in American education as the first African American to serve as U.S. Secretary of Education, passed away on Tuesday. Paige was instrumental in the implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act, a groundbreaking educational reform.

His passing was announced by former President George W. Bush, who selected Paige for the prominent role. Bush’s statement confirmed Paige’s death but did not provide additional specifics. Paige was 92 years old.

During Paige’s tenure, the Department of Education enacted the No Child Left Behind policy in 2002, a hallmark of Bush’s presidency. The law was inspired by Paige’s work as a superintendent in Houston, setting mandatory testing standards and introducing measures for schools that did not meet specific criteria.

In his tribute, Bush described Paige as both a leader and a friend. “Rod was never content with the status quo. He confronted what we referred to as ‘the soft bigotry of low expectations.’ He was dedicated to ensuring that a child’s birthplace did not dictate their educational and life success,” Bush remarked.

Born Roderick R. Paige in the small town of Monticello, Mississippi, Paige was the eldest of five children in a family of educators. After serving two years in the U.S. Navy, he embarked on a career in coaching, initially at the high school and junior college levels. Paige eventually became the head coach at Jackson State University, his alma mater, located in Mississippi’s capital city and a recognized historically black college.

There, his team became the first — with a 1967 football game — to integrate Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium, once an all-white venue.

After moving to Houston in the mid-1970s to become head coach of Texas Southern University, Paige pivoted from the playing field to the classroom and education — first as a teacher, and then as administrator and eventually the dean of its college of education from 1984 to 1994.

Amid growing public recognition of his pursuit of educational excellence, Paige rose to become superintendent of the Houston Independent School District, then one of the largest school districts in the country.

He quickly drew the attention of Texas’ most powerful politicians for his sweeping educational reforms in the diverse Texas city. Most notably, he moved to implement stricter metrics for student outcomes, something that became a central point for Bush’s 2000s bid for president. Bush — who later would dub himself the “Education President” — frequently praised Paige on the campaign trail for the Houston reforms he called the “Texas Miracle.”

And once Bush won election, he tapped Paige to be the nation’s top education official.

As education secretary from 2001 to 2005, Paige emphasized his belief that high expectations were essential for childhood development.

“The easiest thing to do is assign them a nice little menial task and pat them on the head,” he told the Washington Post at the time. “And that is precisely what we don’t need. We need to assign high expectations to those people, too. In fact, that may be our greatest gift: expecting them to achieve, and then supporting them in their efforts to achieve.”

While some educators applauded the law for standardizing expectations regardless of student race or income, others complained for years about what they consider a maze of redundant and unnecessary tests and too much “teaching to the test” by educators.

In 2015, House and Senate lawmakers agreed to pull back many provisions from “No Child Left Behind,” shrinking the Education Department’s role in setting testing standards and preventing the federal agency from sanctioning schools that fail to improve. That year, then-President Barack Obama signed the sweeping education law overhaul, ushering in a new approach to accountability, teacher evaluations and the way the most poorly performing schools are pushed to improve.

After serving as education secretary, Paige returned to Jackson State University a half century after he was a student there, serving as the interim president in 2016 at the age of 83.

Into his 90s, Paige still publicly expressed deep concern, and optimism, about the future of U.S. education. In an opinion piece appearing in the Houston Chronicle in 2024, Paige lifted up the city that helped propel him to national prominence, urging readers to “look to Houston not just for inspiration, but for hard-won lessons about what works, what doesn’t and what it takes to shake up a stagnant system.”