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Exposing the Scandal: Holding LA’s Nonprofit CEOs Accountable for Greed

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The scenario could only be described as alarming mission creep.

Originally established with the noble intention of combating addiction within the Los Angeles community, the nonprofit Tarzana Treatment Centers is now at the center of a controversy. Allegations from whistleblowers paint a concerning image of an entity more fixated on financial gain than on providing genuine help and support.

Reports from the California Post on Monday have revealed that two former employees of Tarzana Treatment Centers have come forward, alleging a culture driven by profit. They describe an environment where making money is prioritized over the well-being of both patients and taxpayers.

Compounding the issue, Albert Senella, the CEO of Tarzana Treatment Centers, reportedly earned a staggering $2.36 million salary in the past year. His opulent residence—a $3.7 million mansion featuring six bedrooms and eight bathrooms situated in Simi Valley—has become a focal point of scrutiny.

This situation certainly raises significant questions. What is truly at fault here?

Aerial view of Albert M. Senella's home in Simi Valley, CA, showing the large house, driveway, pools, and surrounding arid landscape.

An aerial image of CEO Albert Senella’s palatial $3.7 million, six-bedroom, eight-bathroom spread in Simi Valley. CA Post

LA area taxpayers should not be taken to the cleaners by nonprofit executives. And patient needs should not be subordinate to what appear to be personal financial interests.

Clearly, the city and county need to tighten spending controls and provide meaningful oversight of this and other nonprofits that collect millions of dollars from taxpayers each year. Mayor Karen Bass, the City Council and the county Board of Supervisors should also explore setting caps on nonprofit executive compensation tied to taxpayer money.

Karen Bass speaking at the 8th Annual AAFCA TV Honors.

Mayor Karen Bass, the City Council and the county Board of Supervisors should also explore setting caps on nonprofit executive compensation tied to taxpayer money. Getty Images

This is hardly the only example of nonprofit CEO entitlement. In another recent example, Carol Adelkoff, the head of 1736 Family Crisis Center in LA, collected more than $1.6 million in pay over the past two years — while luxuriating in Hawaii.

Serving the downtrodden should be a noble calling, not a path to self-indulgence, and those who treat it as the latter should look for other lines of work.

According to internal documents and messages, the Tarzana whistleblowers wrote things like, “She [a supervisor] is telling me to lie about my billing” and “The only thing they f—ing care about is billing.” 

Yikes.

The insiders also described patients rushed through the process to generate maximum income, not healthy outcomes.

And there have been other red flags: In 2022, for instance, a county audit found “significant fiscal and administrative non-compliance issues” in a contract that paid Tarzana about $26 million over two years. Yet the taxpayer dollars keep right on flowing.

Is it any wonder the city and county spend nearly $3 billion a year on homelessness programs –– only to see more homelessness? Per the most recent official count, homelessness jumped 3.4% in the city and 1.2% in LA County.

LA officials need to end the homeless industrial complex that entrenches homelessness, dependency and dysfunction. Homeless and treatment nonprofits have an incentive not to fix the problem, but to sustain it (or worse) — because more suffering means more funding.

The sad thing about Tarzana is that LA desperately needs to shift away from its emphasis on “housing first,” which absurdly posits that plopping addicts in hotels, at vast taxpayer expense, will somehow solve the homeless crisis.

The city and county should instead address the causes of homelessness, which are often addiction and mental illness.

So “treatment first”? Yes, absolutely.

But not treatment that prioritizes cash grabs over rehab.


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Kate Walsh on How Overcoming Health Challenges Transformed Her Life Priorities

Kate Walsh opens up about how encountering significant health challenges, such as battling a brain tumor, has reshaped her perspective on life.

“It was overwhelming, yet at the same time, it was a powerful gift and a chance to hit the reset button,” Walsh, 58, revealed exclusively to Us Weekly during the Centrum Inside and Outside Makeover Salon Experience in New York City on Thursday, August 13. “I know it sounds like a cliché, but it truly was,” she admitted.

Reflecting on her initial reactions to various health scares, Walsh shared, “You always hear stories of people confronting health crises — be it cancer or a brain tumor — and if you’re fortunate enough to survive, the experience often compels a complete life overhaul. That’s precisely what I did,” she remarked.

She elaborated further: “Now, my approach to balancing work and life is entirely different. Previously, I would tell friends, ‘If you want to spend time with me, you’ll have to join me at work,’ because all I did was live for my job,” she explained.

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While Walsh is still grateful for her professional success, she has also shifted her focus.

“That was great for a while. But even before, it was like, ‘OK, this is running its course and I want to spend more time with family and friends,’” she noted. “And I love traveling and I love finding ways to be of service. I get to do a lot of great stuff with Oceana and with Planned Parenthood. I get to do things and be with my love, [Andrew Nixon]. I have love in my life.”

Walsh is best known for her role as Dr. Addison Montgomery on ABC’s Grey’s Anatomy and its spinoff, Private Practice. Outside of the medical drama world, she has been a consistent presence on screen with scene-stealing roles on 13 Reasons Why, The Umbrella Academy, Emily in Paris and more.

Grey's Anatomy Fans Question Continuity Error With Kate Walsh's Addison

Richard Cartwright / © ABC

The actress teased on Thursday that she has more projects coming up in other mediums, including movies and theater. While Walsh is already booked and busy, she always makes time for her philanthropic work — and she’s using her platform to be more outspoken about healthy aging through a partnership with Centrum.

“There’s a lot of pressure in Hollywood to stay the same, but that’s just madness. It just doesn’t work,” she told Us. “It’s like a recipe for self-flagellation or feeling bad. So I want to look my best — obviously — and for myself, too. But it is odd to see [the conversations around aging in Hollywood].”

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Walsh offered advice for those struggling with the idea of aging, saying, “Radical acceptance is a big one. Surrendering. I think that some people would confuse that with being defeated or giving up, but it’s not. Change happens, and we know this intellectually. Change is the only constant, but to live it is challenging, and do it a day at a time.”

She added: “You don’t stay 13 forever. You don’t stay 20 or 30 or 40. And it is a gift. We’re privileged to age. So for me, it is about being mindful but healthy. For me, dieting doesn’t work, but just having a balanced life does.”

Walsh has also added Centrum vitamins into her everyday wellness routine.

“I really didn’t get into serious supplements until probably my mid-30s, around the time that Centrum Age Defy would be great. Why I like Centrum Silver is it’s great for brain health,” she noted. “It’s great for brain function and heart health and eyes. These are things that as you age and get into your 50s become more prevalent and necessary than say they would when you’re younger. … Centrum vitamins are clinically proven and have been doing this for a very long time. There are so many things out there that this is quite comforting.”

Top Five Timeless Fantasy Films Ripe for a Modern Cinematic Revival

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Decades before 1939’s unforgettable “The Wizard of Oz” enthralled audiences and reshaped the film industry, adaptations of L. Frank Baum’s “Oz” books were already flourishing on screen. The journey started with 1910’s silent version “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz” and was further explored by Larry Semon’s 1925 rendition also titled “The Wizard of Oz.” Not limited to the land of Oz, other classic tales like “Alice in Wonderland” have also seen numerous iterations over the years, reflecting cinema’s fascination with fantasy storytelling. Such enduring popularity makes these stories prime candidates for reinterpretation, confirming that a fairy tale’s cinematic journey is rarely confined to a single definitive version.

These legendary tales continually morph through remakes, presenting fresh perspectives of adored characters and plots to new audiences. As a staple of the film industry, fantasy remakes encompass various artistic styles and quality, cementing their place on the silver screen. In a landscape continually shaped by such reinventions, it’s intriguing to consider five iconic fantasy films that could be transformed anew. Cherished by fans and critically lauded, these movies hold immense potential for creative re-imagining, demonstrating that even beloved classics have room for thrilling reinterpretations.

A remake could breathe new life into each of these five fantasy classics, highlighting different aspects of their narratives for modern audiences. They beckon for reinterpretation, ensuring the tradition of fantasy remakes—a tradition rooted deep in the origins of cinema—endures.

The NeverEnding Story

In 1984, Wolfgang Petersen captivated viewers with “The NeverEnding Story,” an adaptation co-written with Herman Weigel of Michael Ende’s 1979 novel. The film paired haunting elements like a sinking swamp and a doomed horse with a mesmeric fantasy universe, leaving a lasting impression on audiences worldwide. However, while it excelled in creating an immersive tale, the film adaptation notably omitted significant portions of the book, particularly its latter half.

This gap presents a prime opportunity for a fresh rendition of “The NeverEnding Story.” Speculation about a potential reboot has persisted, driven by fans eager to see untold parts of the narrative come to life. Imagine a remake that retains the tactile magic and gravity of the original while introducing a bold artistic vision—akin to Denis Villeneuve’s meticulous approach with “Dune.” Such innovation could transform the realm of Fantasia (or Fantastica, as referred to in Ende’s novel), rejuvenating it for a new generation with groundbreaking aesthetics and inventive storytelling.

There’s tons of wiggle for a new visual interpretation of this fictional domain. Plus, it’s high time a new generation of kids enjoyed the kind of trauma-induced nightmares that only “The NeverEnding Story” could provide.

Xanadu

Many of the musical movies you need to watch right now deploy vibrant color schemes that could only exist in this heightened genre. Unfortunately, several modern musicals have inexplicably opted to deliver films where characters navigate drab tableaus illuminated by minimal lighting. “Cats,” “Dear Evan Hansen,” “Joker: Folie à Deux,” 2026’s “Moana” remake; they all take place in permanent nighttime and subdue their colors to unintentionally comical degrees. We need unabashedly silly movies again. What we need is a second coming of the 1980 roller-skating fantasy musical, “Xanadu.”

This camp classic starring Olivia Newton-John and featuring Gene Kelly’s last film acting credit might sound like a strange one to receive the remake treatment. However, the incredibly successful 2007 stage musical adaptation of “Xanadu” has demonstrated that this distinctly ’80s creation doesn’t have to remain in that era. Fully committed musical performances, not to mention iconic tunes from bands like Electric Light Orchestra, never go out of style. Hire a great modern queer cinema icon (like Angela Robinson, Alice Maio Mackay, or Alice Wu), let them paint the screen in vibrant visuals that would make Powell & Pressburger and Jacques Demy proud, and “Xanadu” could be an even more dazzling spectacle than its original incarnation.

Best of all, a modern maximalist “Xanadu” remake would show all those dreary “modern” musical movies the rich visual possibilities of this genre. We need more “Xanadu” mayhem in this genre and fewer “Joker: Folie à Deux” disasters.

Dragonheart

Today, 1996’s “Dragonheart” is considered a cult classic and one of the 50 movies about dragons you need to see. Universal Pictures has certainly gotten a lot of mileage out of this property, given that the studio has made four direct-to-video follow-ups to the original “Dragonheart.” However, there’s still glaring artistic flaws with this production, a fact especially apparent to Patrick Read Johnson, who penned the film’s original screenplay (he only received a “Story By” credit in the final film). Among the many alterations to the saga of dragon Draco (Sean Connery) and human Sir Bowen (Dennis Quaid) that Johnson despised was the removal of any nuance or compelling drama in the human characters, who were all incredibly arch in the final film.

Remaking “Dragonheart” closer to his original vision is something Johnson has constantly talked about with enthusiasm. Certainly, there’s something to the idea of remaking a movie that had a cool core concept but didn’t hit its full potential. Whether it’s Johnson stepping behind the camera or somebody else, a new “Dragonheart” incanration would undoubtedly benefit from having a better director than the original film’s helmer. Rob Cohen. This filmmaker responsible for “xXx,” “The Boy Next Door,” “Stealth” and so many other clunkers zapped this production of its energy from the get-go.

With a better filmmaking steering the “Dragonheart” ship, not to mention a more consistent and weighty tone, this property could finally live up to all the potential Johnson imbued into his initial draft.

Bedknobs and Broomsticks

The original “Magic Bedknob” and “Bonfires and Broomsticks” children’s books by Mary Norton were first published in the 1940s and existed separate from the P.L. Travers “Mary Poppins” books. However, Disney’s 1971 adaptation of the Norton texts, entitled “Bedknobs and Broomsticks,” was clearly trying to ape the style and success of 1964’s “Mary Poppins.” The “what would Walt do?” mantra guided all corners of the Disney empire after Walt Disney’s passing and that extended to motion picture endeavors like “Bedknobs and Broomsticks.” This feature even contained a lengthy set piece where the live-action human characters traveled to an animated world, just like in “Mary Poppins.”

Decades later, “Bedknobs and Broomsticks” could have a chance to be adapted once more, but this time as a project with more of an identity than “we have ‘Mary Poppins’ at home.” A blueprint for how to remake this fantasy feature can be found in another update of a live-action 70s Disney movie: “Pete’s Dragon.” That 2016 David Lowery directorial effort just took the title and starting concept of the original Disney musical before making a deeply moving standalone exercise. The result was one of summer 2016’s best movies. 

Going the same route for a new “Bedknobs and Broomsticks” movie would be a boon on multiple levels, including in offering moviegoers something they already haven’t seen and avoiding the exact same problem plaguing all live-action Disney remakes. Plus, “Bedknobs and Broomsticks” could finally have a cinema-based identity that isn’t rooted in “Mary Poppins.”

The Curious Case of Benjamin Button

“The Curious Case of Benjamin Button” was one of the best reviewed movies of 2008 and the recipient of countless Oscar nominations. Unfortunately, the movie itself was a slog, a rare pre-Netflix misfire for director David Fincher. Despite its intriguing high-concept premise promising something deeply specific, the final version of “Benjamin Button” came off as domestic distributor Paramount Pictures wanting to fuse together pieces of two of its biggest hits. Specifically, “Benjamin Button” is just the tragic romance of “Titanic” stitched together with the “one guy wanders through multiple decades of history” conceit from “Forrest Gump.”

Constantly reminding audiences of other movies doesn’t help “The Curious Case of Benjamin Button” stand on its own two feet. Amplifying the film’s problems is that the CG effects turning back the clock on Brad Pitt’s Benjamin Button stand out as a glaringly obvious example of de-aging technology missing the mark in movies. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s original 1922 “Curious Case of Benjamin Button” short story had both a wryer sense of humor and a killer starting concept that deserve a better movie. Remaking this title into something more whimsical and comedic that lets human performers inhabit Button at different stages of life could finally unlock the fullest potential of this saga.

Despite “The Curious Case of Benjamin Button” enjoying a revered reputation in 2008, the passage of time has made it clear there’s plenty of ways a remake could excel where this Fincher title floundered.

Tupac Shakur Murder Trial Opens: A Pursuit for Justice in the Iconic Rapper’s 1996 Las Vegas Killing

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The mystery surrounding who orchestrated the murder of Tupac Shakur is finally being unraveled as the much-anticipated trial opens in Las Vegas. Accused of masterminding the 1996 shooting, the man now faces the scrutiny of the courtroom.

In their opening statements, prosecutors asserted their commitment to demonstrating the culpability of Duane “Keffe D” Davis, once a prominent Los Angeles gang leader, as the individual who ordered the attack.

“Duane Davis wasn’t the person who fired the shots,” explained Chief Deputy District Attorney Binu Palal to the jury. “However, he orchestrated the shooting as retribution for the assault on his nephew. You’ll discover these facts directly from Duane Davis’s own declarations.”

At 63, Davis stands accused of murder involving a deadly weapon, with the alleged intent to further criminal gang activities in relation to Shakur’s death. Although Davis insists on his innocence, branding the prosecution’s case as fictitious, if found guilty, he faces a life sentence.

Palal presented the jury with footage capturing the altercation between Shakur’s entourage and Davis’s nephew, Orlando “Baby Lane” Anderson, in front of the MGM Grand shortly before the shooting on September 7, 1996. The jurors were also shown images of the black BMW that Shakur occupied when the shots were fired.

“You will learn, when the opportunity presented itself for retribution, Duane Davis made sure that the shooters were armed and ready,” Palal said.

They also heard from witness Ingrid Stokes, who was living in L.A. in 1996 but visited Vegas for the weekend. She was in a car trailing the BMW.

“We ran into Suge and Tupac in the car,” Stokes told jurors.

“Did anyone shoot at you?” Stokes was asked.

“Probably, I honestly don’t know. There was a lot of gunshots,” Stokes answered.

Davis, dressed in a blue suit and tie, listened intently as prosecutors claimed he ordered the killing of Shakur as an “act of revenge.”

Some evidence expected to be presented in this case comes from “Compton Street Legend,” a tell-all book Davis published and promoted. But Davis now says he didn’t write it, and claims the book was a ploy to make money.

In an ABC News exclusive jailhouse interview in 2025, Davis denied all allegations.

“I’m innocent. I ain’t kill nobody. Never did ever kill nobody,” he said.

What Davis has told investigators before

In a 2008 interview with a federal task force investigating the killing of Shakur’s rival, the Notorious B.I.G., Davis instead talked about the Shakur shooting. He described handing a gun to the men in the back seat of a white Cadillac that fired on a black BMW with Shakur and Marion “Suge” Knight inside.

As prosecutors played audio of Davis explaining the moment Shakur was shot, members of Shakur’s family, including his stepbrother Maurice “Mopreme” Shakur, sat quietly in the audience, staring ahead.

Palal told jurors Davis held onto a visceral hatred for Shakur for decades that drove him to speak.

He said as early as 1998, the defendant talked to the FBI and admitted he had been in Las Vegas the night of the shooting. He spoke again in 1999 to the FBI and said again he was in Las Vegas then but denied responsibility.

In 2009, he admitted to his role in the killing in an interview with Las Vegas police, Palal said.

“And now 30 years later, we’re going to ask you to finally hold Duane Davis accountable,” Palal said.

Will Suge Knight testify?

Knight, who is serving time in an unrelated case, told ABC News he believes Davis will struggle to convince jurors that his past statements were untrue.

“Everything he said and talked about, he already told on himself,” Knight said.

In the years since Shakur’s murder, what exactly happened in that hail of bullets — and who pulled the trigger — was obscured by a lack of physical evidence, feuding cops and the gangland code of silence. Knight, the only eyewitness still living, was in the car with Shakur when he was shot that night, and told ABC News he is no more willing to cooperate with law enforcement during Davis’ trial than he has been for the last 30 years.

“To actually get on the stand, and point somebody out, it’s worse than taking a gun and shooting that man in the head. Because if you shoot a person in the head, they die once. If you get on the stand and you snitch on that person, they die a million times,” Knight told ABC News from prison earlier this month, ahead of Davis’s trial. “Leave me out of it.”

Legal analyst Joshua Ritter said Knight’s account would be significant if he takes the stand.

Knee-Strengthening Exercises for Over 60s: Ditch Lunges

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Combat Aging Knees: Five Morning Exercises to Reinforce Muscle Strength

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Feeling like your knees have turned into rusty hinges when you step out of bed? You’re definitely not in this alone. While many resort to gentle yoga sequences for relief from that stiff, creaky sensation, it’s time to rethink this approach—yoga only solves part of the problem.

Yoga undoubtedly improves flexibility and helps calm the nervous system, but it’s not enough to build the muscular strength necessary to stabilize your knee joints daily. According to the National Institute on Aging, strength training is a powerful tool to maintain joint function and independence as we get older. Stronger muscles surrounding a joint can significantly reduce the stress the joint has to endure.

For those experiencing knee discomfort after 60, it’s typically a strength concern rather than a flexibility issue. Your quads, hamstrings, and calves cross the knee joint playing a pivotal role in force control during walking, stair climbing, or standing up from a chair. Studies indicate that weakness in these muscle groups forces your knee to absorb stress it wasn’t designed to handle on its own.

We spoke with James Brady, CPT, a certified personal trainer at OriGym, who has designed a five-move morning routine to bolster the muscles supporting your knee. The routine is designed to be done comfortably without a gym membership or even getting down on the floor. Brady’s expert tip: “Aim for two to three sets of 8 to 15 reps per exercise, tailoring the routine to your current fitness level for the best results.”

Chair Sit-to-Stand

The chair sit-to-stand mirrors one of the most common movements in daily life: getting up out of a chair. Practicing it deliberately helps build the lower body strength that keeps that motion easy as you age, and it works several muscle groups at once without any equipment.

“This is one of the best exercises for rebuilding knee strength because it strengthens your quads, glutes, and hamstrings together while reinforcing an everyday movement pattern,” explains Brady.

How to do it:

  1. Sit on the edge of a sturdy chair with your feet hip-width apart.
  2. Lean your chest slightly forward.
  3. Press through your heels and stand up.
  4. Slowly lower yourself back to the chair with control.
  5. Perform two to three sets of 8 to 15 reps, resting for 60 to 90 seconds between sets.

Step-ups

Since your body has to stabilize on one leg with every rep, step-ups help build leg strength while challenging your balance. That combination makes them fantastic for protecting your knees, which rely on both strong muscles and control to stay stable under load.

“Step-ups improve knee stability by strengthening the muscles that support the joint while also challenging balance,” says Brady.

How to do it:

  1. Stand in front of a low step or bottom stair.
  2. Place one foot firmly on it.
  3. Drive through your heel to lift yourself up.
  4. Step back down slowly with control.
  5. Do all reps on one leg before switching sides.
  6. Complete two to three sets of 8 to 15 reps per side. Rest for 45 to 60 seconds between sets.

The 12-Minute Chair Routine That Restores Leg Muscle Faster Than Weight Training After 60

Standing Hamstring Curls

Your hamstrings rarely get the same attention as your quads when it comes to rebuilding knee strength, but they play an equally important role in keeping your knee joints balanced and protected. When the muscles on the back of your legs are too weak relative to the front, the knee loses stability. This move strengthens them with nothing more than a chair for support.

How to do it:

  1. Stand tall behind a chair or countertop for support.
  2. Bend one knee to bring your heel toward your glutes, keeping your thighs aligned.
  3. Lower your foot slowly back to the floor.
  4. Repeat on the opposite leg.
  5. Continue alternating for the full set.
  6. Aim for two to three sets of 8 to 15 reps per side, resting for 45 to 60 seconds between sets.

Supported Calf Raises

Strong calves help improve stability through your ankles and lower legs, which gives the knee a more solid foundation to work from. Holding onto a chair keeps the movement safe and controlled. This move is “great for helping knee health,” says Brady.

How to do it:

  1. Stand behind a chair and lightly hold the backrest for balance.
  2. Raise your heels until you’re standing on your toes.
  3. Pause for one to two seconds at the top of the movement.
  4. Lower your heels slowly back to the floor.
  5. Perform two to three sets of 8 to 15 reps. Rest for 45 to 60 seconds between sets.

6 Bed Exercises That Restore Hip Strength Faster Than Gym Sessions After 60

Exploring the Hidden History of a Renowned Cold Remedy

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As the early chill of winter begins to seep into morning air, grocery stores and pharmacies launch their campaigns. Their goal? To persuade consumers to arm themselves with vitamin C, a supposed shield against the inevitable cold and flu season.

But how did this widespread belief take root?

The origins of this notion weave a tale that involves a Nobel Prize laureate, a controversial book, and a series of claims that, upon closer inspection, don’t entirely hold up.

Nobel Prize winner writes a book

Enter Linus Pauling, a distinguished American chemist, celebrated with two Nobel Prizes. In 1954, he garnered the award in chemistry for his pioneering work on chemical bonds, and by 1962, he had earned another, this time for peace, recognizing his fervent opposition to nuclear weapons testing.

Though his expertise lay far from nutrition or virology, Pauling ventured into these realms with the publication of a book in 1970, exploring vitamin C’s role in treating colds. This book is often credited as the catalyst for the vitamin C sales boom, a phenomenon that shows no signs of waning even today.

In this book, Pauling said we should consume high doses of vitamin C, around 1,000–2,000 milligrams a day for good health, and even more to prevent a cold.

His recommendations were said to be initially from one placebo-controlled trial in children on a ski camp in the Swiss Alps. He then analysed a further four studies conducted after his claims.

But his interpretation of these studies has been widely criticised. There were incorrect mathematical analyses, reliance on four poor-quality trials and the overemphasis of the study in children.

So, do mega-doses of vitamin C work?

The short answer is not really. Multiple studies conducted since the ones Pauling analysed show that if there is an effect on vitamin C and colds, it’s minimal. Even then, any marginal benefits are only under certain circumstances, such as if you’re an athlete or in the army.

One study, published in 2023, was a meta-analysis that combined the results of ten placebo-controlled trials. These looked at the effect of vitamin C on the severity and duration of colds. In total, these trials involved 2,736 healthy people (adults, children and athletes) who regularly took at least 1,000mg of vitamin C a day, not just when they had a cold.

Overall, the researchers found people who took vitamin C had a 15 per cent reduction in severe cold symptoms compared to those who didn’t take it. This was expressed as the number of days “confined indoors”, which the authors acknowledged as a limitation. Vitamin C did not affect how long mild symptoms lasted.

A meta-analysis in 2013 found taking lower doses (at around 200mg a day) did not decrease the number of colds in the general population. However, there were fewer colds for athletes and army personnel.

Similar to the other study, regular vitamin C supplements showed a reduction in severity of symptoms in children and adults by 8–14 per cent. However, taking vitamin C at the start of the cold had no benefit.

So, from these two meta-analyses, Pauling’s original advice is over-stated. There is no evidence vitamin C will reduce your risk of catching a cold.

There is some evidence it will reduce how long severe symptoms last, but on average only by about 10 per cent. So if severe symptoms from a cold last for five days, it will reduce severe symptoms by about 12 hours. If the severe symptoms last for 24 hours, they will reduce by about two-and-a-half hours.

Taking vitamin C when symptoms start will have no effect. You need to be taking it regularly, even before you get sick.

So how much vitamin C is too much?

Pauling’s recommendation for good health, at around 1,000–2,000mg a day, is around the upper limit of what’s now considered safe to consume.

Australia has not set an upper limit for vitamin C, due to inconclusive evidence. But guidelines refer to other expert recommendations for adults to not consume more than 1,000mg a day. In the United States, the upper limit for adults is 2,000mg a day.

Pauling’s recommendation is also much higher than the recommended daily intake in Australia and other countries. For adults over 19 in Australia, this is 45mg.

This is what you would find in half an orange, three to four florets of cooked broccoli or one-third of a glass of orange juice.

So what should I do?

Taking high doses of vitamin C (over 1,000mg a day) continually can increase your risk of adverse events such as:

  • Gastrointestinal effects, such as diarrhoea, nausea, stomach cramps and bloating
  • More oxalate excretion, which may lead to kidney stones
  • An increase in iron absorption, which may lead to tissue damage in people with undiagnosed haemochromatosis (an inherited disorder where you absorb too much iron from your food)
  • Interactions with radiation therapy, chemotherapy and the cholesterol-lowering drugs statins.

If you feel you would benefit from vitamin C supplements, discuss this with your GP. You should limit the dose to below 1,000mg a day and be mindful of the side effects.

Remember less than 4 per cent of Australians are deficient in vitamin C.

Evangeline Mantzioris is the program director of human nutrition at Adelaide University and an accredited practising dietitian. She has received funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council. She has been appointed to the National Health and Medical Research Council Dietary Guideline Expert Committee. The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors alone and do not represent the views of the NHMRC or the Expert Committee.


The Conversation