The Federal Court of New South Wales revisited the extradition case of Adriana Rivas, a former agent under the Pinochet regime, during a two-day session in Sydney this week. Judge Michael Lee was at the helm of the proceedings.

Rivas, who holds dual citizenship in Chile and Australia, continues her legal battle to halt extradition, maintaining her innocence against the charges she faces.

During her tenure with the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA) from 1973 to 1977, Rivas is alleged to have been involved in the aggravated kidnappings of seven individuals during Pinochet’s rule in Chile.

Since 1978, Rivas has resided in Australia. However, during a family visit to Chile in 2006, she was apprehended but later released on bail.

In 2010, Rivas fled Chile unlawfully to return to Australia, where she lived in Bondi, working as a babysitter and cleaner until her arrest in 2019.

This week, the court focused on whether the charges against her should be classified as aggravated kidnapping or as crimes against humanity, a distinction with significant legal consequences for the case.

Chile’s government lawyer Trent Glover told the court on Tuesday that the double criminality requirement for the extradition had been met and that “the crime of aggravated kidnapping existed in the Republic of Chile when Rivas’s alleged acts and omissions took place.”

“If Ms Rivas is returned, surrendered to Chile, there cannot be any charge of a crime against humanity,” Glover said.

“Chile has very clearly set out, in considerable detail, that Ms Rivas will be prosecuted for those seven counts of aggravated kidnapping,” he added.

Rivas’s lawyer Sean Baron Levi argued that the statute of limitations had expired.

“If it were simply an aggravated kidnapping, there could be no criminal liability because the statute of limitations has expired. The only reason there is any criminal liability is because the action is classified as a crime against humanity,” Levi told the court.

Levi cited Chilean documents showing that the country’s courts have also classified the acts as crimes against humanity.

The support group for families of victims of the Chilean dictatorship in Australia appeared at the hearing. (March 31, 2026).

The defence also argued that crimes against humanity did not exist in Chilean criminal law in 1976 and 1977. It said a person cannot be extradited for a crime that did not exist when the events occurred.

That decision, Levi said, “cannot be left in the hands of Chile.”

Glover insisted that “this does not change the nature of the crime of extradition” and added that these issues are matters for the Chilean courts.

Elsewhere in the proceedings, Rivas’ lawyer indicated that the classification of the case could theoretically expose Rivas to the death penalty. “There is a recognition that at least theoretically there is a penalty of death that is open,” he said.

“At least this raises a potential concern as to the consequences of a mischaracterisation of the offence,” he added, though he also clarified that this outcome was not being sought.

Glover pointed out that Chile has abolished capital punishment in 2001.

Previous extradition cases that could shape the ruling

Both sides referred to the case of Charles Zentai, a former Hungarian who lived in Perth.

Hungary requested his extradition for a crime committed in 1944.

Australia reportedly refused because the offence of “war crime” did not exist in Hungarian law at the time.

Rivas’s defence argued that her situation is the same.

Glover, however, pointed out a difference.

“Hungary requested extradition for a crime that never existed in its own right, while Chile is asking for extradition for aggravated kidnapping, a crime that existed in 1976,” Glover said.

The 2013 High Court case Commonwealth Minister for Justice v Adamas was also raised during the hearing.

In that case, Australia extradited one of its own citizens to Indonesia, where he had been convicted in absentia for corruption.

The High Court reversed an earlier Federal Court decision that had blocked the extradition, ruling that the Minister for Justice had correctly exercised his power to approve the surrender.

Judge Lee raised the extent to which the Australian government must analyse another country’s law before authorising an extradition.

“Foreign legal systems deserve respect in the application of their own law,” Judge Lee said, adding that “the role of Australian decision-makers, including the minister, is not to anticipate or question that process.”

Sydney-based lawyer Adriana Navarro, who represents families of Chilean victims in Australia, told SBS Spanish that “the intention of the Rivas team is to try to convince the judge to look beyond what is required by the extradition law”.

She added that “the minister’s team, which ordered the extradition, also has alternatives if Judge Lee’s decision goes against them.”

A long road of appeals

The case of Adriana Rivas has dragged on for years, since Chile requested her extradition in 2014.

This was her latest bid to block the extradition after Australia’s government ruled in 2024 that she should be sent to Chile.

Rivas, 72, previously tried through her lawyers to stop the extradition by lodging judicial appeals, citing health problems, questioning the guarantees of the Chilean judicial system, and claiming the process was politically motivated.

All these attempts have been rejected by different judges.

The last failed appeal attempt was in July 2025, when Judge Erin Longbottom rejected Rivas’ claims that there were inconsistencies and unfairness in the government’s refusal to provide them with certain documents on which the decision to extradite her was based.

The government invoked legal professional privilege to avoid disclosing them.

Judge Longbottom upheld that position and found there were no irregularities.

Closing the hearing on Tuesday, Judge Lee announced that he will issue his ruling shortly.

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Australia is grappling with a surge in demand for aged care services due to its ageing population. Recent research highlights the significant role that social connections and a sense of purpose play in promoting healthy ageing.

Analyzing data from over 700 Australians aged 65 to 98, the study identifies seven crucial elements that enhance well-being in later life, challenging traditional notions of what contributes to longevity.

Dr. Chloe Waddell, a psychologist and the study’s lead author, explained to SBS News that social factors might hold as much importance in healthy ageing as maintaining a balanced diet and regular exercise.

“With our population living longer, it’s vital to comprehend how we can support individuals in their later years. However, there has been a longstanding debate about the true meaning of ageing well,” she stated.

“Traditionally, the concept of ageing well was tied to perfect health, but our findings suggest that feeling connected, having a sense of purpose, and retaining control over one’s life are equally, if not more, crucial,” Dr. Waddell added.

According to the Treasury, within 40 years, the number of people aged over 65 is expected to double, and the number of people aged over 85 will triple.

Key findings

As part of her research with Federation University, Waddell interviewed and surveyed 722 Australians on what ageing well meant to them.

The surveyed group included people from every state and territory. It included 476 women, 245 men, and one gender non-conforming person.

Waddell identified seven key components in ageing well: autonomy, purpose in life, independence, reasonable and manageable health, positive attitudes, active life involvement and social connectedness and belonging.

“For older Australians, ageing well is much more of a process rather than a destination. And many people can manage and live with illnesses and conditions but still have a positive outlook,” she said.

While roughly 70 per cent of respondents had a health condition, the majority felt it was manageable in their daily lives.

“Having a disease or disability might not be ideal, but they were saying that we can age well as long as our health is manageable and especially if they have autonomy and purpose in life,” she said.

“Regardless of physical health, having a sense of purpose, whether it’s looking after grandchildren or tending a garden, helped people feel fulfilled and that they were thriving in later life.”

Waddell also interviewed 13 Holocaust survivors in Australia in the same age group, and noted they largely felt they were ageing well despite “extreme childhood adversity”.

“Together these insights remind us that later life can be meaningful, connected and fulfilling — even after a lifetime of adversity — if the right supports are in place.”

Genetics vs lifestyle

Professor Luigi Fontana, an expert in health and longevity at the University of Sydney, said that ageing well is an intersection of genetics and lifestyle.

One’s genetics, such as being predisposed to an adverse health condition, create the “backdrop” of how your body will age, which is then informed by diet, exercise and social wellbeing.

He told SBS News that social factors like those investigated by Waddell are key to ageing well, but that preserving muscle mass and reducing harmful fats as you grow older are the most important factors.

“Exercise is a daily medicine, so it’s not something you do twice a week, it happens even during the day, whether its walking to the bathroom or using stairs,” he said.

“And a healthy diet rich in whole grains and beans and vegetables and nuts and seeds and fish is extremely important.”

He said the Mediterranean diet is one example of a diet that broadly reduces health risks.

Your built environment and standard of living also play a role.

“For instance, living in a place with poor water or air pollution will increase your risk of developing health conditions, or if you don’t have access to good hospitals or sanitation,” he said.

How to increase your longevity?

Lindsay Wu, a Scientia associate professor of sciences at the University of NSW, said there are simple changes people can make to improve their longevity.

He said that frailty, particularly for older women, presents substantial health risks.

“Old people falling over and breaking their hip leads to a pretty strong chance of, unfortunately, death within a short amount of time. So, we really focus on strength training in older people,” he told SBS News.

This can involve resistance or weight training at a gym or at home to retain muscle mass.

Along with dieting and sufficient sleep, reducing stress is also shown to increase lifespan.

Other key interventions for people, besides diet and exercise, can include socialising and structured therapy.

Wu would also like to see more research and funding towards improving medical interventions to promote ageing.

“Hopefully, in the not-too-distant future, we’ll have enhanced therapies, drugs and supplements that can act as support for diet and exercise to increase longevity.”

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